Corpun file 22061

This appeared on the website of a news magazine in Guangzhou but the date and details are wanting. It seems to be a proper formal caning in the walled yard of some kind of institution. Note that two of the witnesses are in ankle chains. I think the men's shirts put the picture in relatively modern times. Can anyone cast any further light on this?

19th-century Chinese punishment

Picture of a criminal being punished with some sort of big paddle. This comes from a Korean site, but is said to represent China in the 19th century. The offender has kept his trousers on, but it looks as if the assistant is pulling them taut across the posterior.

"Bambooing his breeches"

Rather similar to the previous item, except that this undated gouache on rice paper (held in the New York Public Library) clearly shows that the culprit's trousers have been lowered to uncover his buttocks.

Gyatse Dzong fortress, ancient punishment

This tableau or model is said to be a representation of a flogging in ancient Tibet. As far as I can make out, one official is sitting on the offender's back while the other beats the back of his thighs with a big stick.

Criminal being punished

Found in a picture agency's library, this is dated "circa 1900" and its caption reads: "Chinese punishment: Whipping a lawbreaker. Even the theft of a few pennies brought about this severe reprisal." Note that the modus operandi is identical to that in "Wei Hai Wei flogging" (see below).

Punishment of the Bastinado

Hand-coloured engraving from a painting by Thomas Allom, published in London around 1843. Most dictionaries define bastinado as a punishment applied to the soles of the feet, but this is clearly a caning on the clothed backside. For a glimpse of the long history of this kind of punishment in China, and a much older illustration, see this 2003 news item.

Wei Hai Wei flogging

From an undated postcard, which had "punished for stealing" written on the back. Wei Hai Wei is a port and naval base on the north coast of the Shantung Peninsula. It was leased to the British (who called it Port Edward) from 1898 to 1930, hence perhaps the British-looking soldier who is evidently monitoring this infliction. However, the modus operandi shown here is more traditional Chinese than British.

The Punishments of China

Cover of a book in German, literally "The punishments of the Chinese", published in Dresden in 1898, translated from English, it says. I deduce that this was probably a translation of The Punishments of China, illustrated by twenty-two engravings, attributed to George Henry Mason (London, 1801), which I have not seen but which, according to various catalogues, includes an engraving -- very possibly the one seen here -- captioned "An offender undergoing the bastinade".

    Mason was one of few Westerners to visit China in the 18th century, and it is conceivable that he was actually shown some of these events.

    Note similarity of modus operandi to that shown in the pictures above.

CONGO (formerly BELGIAN CONGO)

Native flogging

This picture has appeared in various places, most recently in King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa by Adam Hochschild (Boston, 1999). It seems likely to be from the period around 1900 when the King of Belgium was running the Congo as his personal fief with the aid of slave labour. The culprit is completely naked, but the strokes of the whip appear to be landing across the buttocks alone. It seems a bit odd that this is going on in what looks like a country lane. Perhaps other officials are present, but out of shot.

    Is the onlooker an assistant to the operation, or -- noting his rather hangdog posture, and the fact that he seems to be holding his own bottom -- another offender waiting his turn? The "lying flat" position is typically African, but note that the ankles and wrists are tied to crossbars on the ground to keep the recipient immobile. Flogging was reserved for Africans (see following item).

'Civilisation in Congo'

Painting dated 1884, on show at "Memory of Congo: The Colonial Era" exhibition in Brussels. The exhibition's caption says: "Flogging by whip or stick, a punishment reserved for Africans, was allowed by penal law until 1940. It was also allowed by army and prison regulations. It could also be used as a form of punishment wherever custom allowed it. Flogging had already been denounced when Stanley was 'founding the Free State'. It was then a vestige of pre-colonial slavery. Thus it is not enough to regard the whip as simply the symbol of colonial oppression."

    This punishment is being given on the upper back, in contrast to the previous item, which gives photographic proof of flogging on the bare buttocks. Does this mean that practice varied in an ad hoc manner from one occasion to another? Or could it be that the artist in 1884 was inhibited by the prudery of that era from showing the reality?

EGYPT

Baker flogged and Back showing resulting weals

Pictures from the 1950s. The man is being whipped for charging too much for his bread. It appears the punishment took place in public. Note the curious crucifix-style whipping post with a hole for the offender to put his head through. The second picture shows a doctor attending to him afterwards.

GERMANY

Corpun file 21948

On display at the Naturhistorishes Museum in Schloss Bertholdsburg at Schleusingen, Thuringia, where whipping sentences were carried out publicly in the marketplace, according to the museum caption. A "Siebenstriemer" (cat-o'-seven-tails) was used, consisting of a wooden handle with leather tails. "Der Delinquent war nach vorne gebeugt und lag mit dem Oberkörper auf der mit Leder gepolsterten Fläche auf. Dadurch war sein Gesäß gespannt und zur Aufnahme der Hiebe bereit." (The offender was bent forward and had to lie with his chest on the cushioned leather surface. Thus his buttocks were tensed ready to absorb the strokes.) The museum adds that the contraption is authentic, and worn with use; it was formerly kept in the Town Hall. Public flogging was abolished here in 1848.

Prügelbock, Quedlinburg

This flogging contraption is to be found at the Schlossmuseum (castle museum) in Quedlinburg, Saxony-Anhalt. It is said to be from the 16th century. I am not quite clear exactly how this would have been used.

Juvenile caning

This, I'm now told, comes from Germany. The artist is very probably Franz Josef Tripp, who illustrated children's books in the 1960s. A youth is being caned on his bare bottom. The man on the left is presumably counting out the strokes on his fingers. The officials' uniform resembles that of the Kaiserreich (German Empire) era (1871-1918), although the kind of punishment shown could be a bit earlier than that (see pictures below).

Whipping bench

Here is a piece of furniture found in the local museum at Ludwigsburg, near Stuttgart. It is thought to have been used in the 19th century. The person to be whipped lies face down, with head and arms lodged in the holes at the head end and the feet secured at the bottom end. The second picture shows how the ends were designed to open up to secure or release the offender. Note the similarity with the device at Zwettl (see Austria, above).

Cane and birch

Two whipping instruments also on display at Ludwigsburg (see previous item).

German JCP in ?18th century

Also at the museum in Ludwigsburg is this old print, showing a not dissimilar machine in use.

Prügelbock

This Prügelbock (whipping trestle) is at the prison museum at Celle, Lower Saxony. On it sits a cat with perhaps six tails. The museum's German-language website says that this particular example was used until 1913. There seem to be no other details. It is hard to work out from the picture what goes where, or what the bits and pieces to the left and underneath are for. Suggestions welcome. Meanwhile, the following tiny and very unclear picture, provenance and date unknown, seems to show the same or similar equipment in actual use:

    This picture has a blurred and furtive look about it, as though taken secretly, which suggests that it could actually be "the real thing". The prisoner's ankles are apparently tied athwart the vertical pin on the left of the main picture and he bends over the contraption to receive the punishment on his seat. Perhaps in that case the main purpose of the device is simply to raise the buttocks to a convenient height. See this page for a bit of hard information about judicial and prison flogging in Germany.

    A reader in Norway writes that he thinks this was used during World War II in Germany and the occupied countries: "A few years ago there was a documentary of the punishments the Germans used, and a Norwegian woman was describing the punishment she got while in a German prison. They showed pictures of this block". However, it is quite different from the flogging block that has been pictured in various places as the standard item used in the Nazi era both in ordinary prisons and in the concentration camps.

GHANA

Corpun file 22289

Ghanaian soldiers punished

Nothing known about this except what the caption says.

HONG KONG

Corpun file 17726

Cat-o-nine-tails and Punishment Register

On 19 March 2006 there was an open day at Victoria Prison, and these items were put on show. It is, I think, a very long time since the cat rather than the cane was used in Hong Kong. The punishment book is unfortunately difficult to read in this picture.

Caning A-frame and trestle

I assume that this is from the press launch in 2002 of the Hong Kong Correctional Services Museum. There are two trestles exhibited side by side, a smaller one and a larger A-frame of the familiar kind (so tall that a recess has to be made for it in the ceiling). A correspondent who has visited the museum tells me the big frame was for adult men and the smaller trestle for juveniles under 18. If so, the latter might have been for reformatory canings rather than judicial ones. A description of the judicial caning of a 16-year-old in 1990 says "the boy's hands were secured by leather straps to a wooden platform" as he was made to bend over with his trousers down. In a different article, an officer who formerly supervised these events said the offender had to "lie on a rack" to which he was strapped, and a leather strap was put round his back to protect the spine -- which makes it sound more like a lying flat position than anything one could envisage involving the equipment shown here. All a bit mysterious. Suggestions and information welcome.

Judicial cane

From the same event as the previous item. The VIPs are standing by the A-frame. The cane looks excessively rigid but perhaps in actual use it would have been soaked in water to make it flexible.

Another picture of the A-frame

This is a different photo of the same exhibit in the Correctional Services Museum. It shows more clearly the padded bar at the level of the culprit's abdomen.

Another picture of the juvenile trestle

A better picture of the juvenile caning trestle, with an appropriately young visitor leaning on it (it would have made a better demonstration if he was bending over it with his pants down, as he would have had to if being caned on it). Note padded bar for abdomen, and straps for wrists and ankles near the bottom of each of the contraption's four legs. The cane is also in view.

Students learn about corporal punishment

Picture on a Hong Kong government website captioned "Students learn about corporal punishment (abolished by Hong Kong in 1990) at the Correctional Services Museum in Stanley, which has a wide range of exhibits depicting more than 160 years of penal history". It does not perhaps add much to the other pictures, but it's interesting that present-day schoolboys are being officially shown this stuff.

See also this video clip in which a museum official demonstrates the use of this equipment.

INDIA

Flogging frames, Andaman Islands

The Andaman Islands are off the Burma/Thailand coast, but belong to India. A large prison was built at the main town, Port Blair, under British rule, and part of it is now a museum. These two pictures are of two slightly different flogging frames there. The colour picture shows one on display with a model of a prisoner mounted on it, and comes from a tourist web site that has now disappeared. Note that these metal frames are very similar to the one used in this 1978 Pakistan flogging and also in the second picture from the top on this page of miscellaneous Pakistan floggings, all presumably inherited from the days of British India.

Cellular Jail at Andaman

A more recent (2006) view of one of the flogging frames in the museum at Port Blair.

Cellular Jail at Andaman, continued

Two more views of the same tableau at Port Blair.

INDONESIA (formerly DUTCH EAST INDIES)

Rotanslagen in de Gevangenis (Caning in the Prison), c.1900

From a Dutch book, Uit onze Koloniën: Uitvoerig reisverhaal (From our colonies: Detailed account of a journey), by Henri Hubert van Kol (Leiden, 1903). I now hear that it was also reproduced as a picture postcard.

    The prisoner's buttocks have been bared, though only just. He is tied, rather loosely it would appear, to a post that looks as if it has been installed and fitted out specially for the purpose. Two officials (at left of picture) are pulling on a rope attached to a ring holding his wrists. Everyone looks rather stiff, as if consciously posing for the photographer, and the man with the cane is holding it still in the air and is plainly not in motion, so I think the whole scene is probably staged. Even so, there is no reason to suppose that this isn't an authentic representation of the procedure. The chap towards the right in western clothes is presumably in charge. Apart from the official next to him wearing a policeman's helmet, all the other staff are in Javanese costume with bare feet.

    The entire scene is, mutatis mutandis, surprisingly "British"-looking. Britain did have some brief involvement in that part of the Indies before the Dutch took over. As far as I know, back home in Europe the Dutch had no tradition of this sort of thing by the date in question. Today, neither do the Indonesians themselves, unlike their Malaysian, Singaporean and Bruneian neighbours, who have so enthusiastically embraced the CP system bequeathed by their former colonial masters.

Public caning of young woman, Aceh province, 2006

Judicial flogging has now started in Indonesia, but only in Aceh province, and deriving from a quite separate, Islamic, tradition. These public punishments, for both sexes, are applied to the clothed upper back. In most cases it is done outside the local mosque. This agency photo, dated January 2006, was captioned "Nur Azizah binti Hanafiah, 22, prepares to receive a caning after being found by a citizen having illegal sex with her boyfriend at her house. Aceh Province has practiced Islamic Syriah law since 2001".

    The second picture shows the same occasion with the caning under way, administered by a masked official.

    See also these June 2005 news items, one of which includes a photograph of a man at the receiving end. It appears that men must stand to receive the caning, while women are allowed to kneel.

    See also these video clips of different but similar events.

Public caning in Aceh (continued)

Another picture of what is clearly the same event.

Another Aceh caning

Same sort of thing, different location, different female offender being punished.

Caning of gambler

According to the caption of this agency picture, the punishment shown was administered on 2 December 2005 in the provincial capital, Banda Aceh. The offence in this case was gambling. As noted above, men being caned have to stand up on their own two feet.

Road sign in Aceh

This billboard is in Calang, the capital of Aceh Jaya district. It reads: "Don't break the Islamic Sharia Regulations, because the cane awaits you".

IRAN (formerly PERSIA)

Police whip a criminal before a crowd in Persia, c.1910

Persia is the country now known as Iran. Note that exactly the same punishment is still applied there to this day, with the offender similarly stripped to the waist, in front of a crowd likewise gathered in the street -- see this February 2001 news photograph. However, in 1910 they used a proper flogging triangle rather than a lamp post, and had two operators inflicting alternate strokes from opposite sides.

Public flogging in Vanak Square, 1983

Vanak Square is in Tehran. This agency photograph was captioned "A man attached to a bed is flogged in public in Vanak Square for alcohol consumption, surrounded by Revolutionary Guards and plain clothes security men". It's unclear what implement is being used or whether the culprit is being punished on his back or his bottom, or both, but it's notable that he has been allowed to keep all his clothes on, unlike the 1910 and 2001 pictures. The picture was allegedly taken in January 1983.

Public flogging in Qazvin, August 2007

News agency pictures whose captions described this as taking place at Qazvin, 165 km west of Tehran, on 21 August 2007. Saeed Ghanbari is seen being brought to the place of punishment and given 80 lashes for alcohol and adultery.
A better-quality version of the second picture is now available with the related news item.

Spectators at the above

A large crowd -- all male, it would appear -- gathered to watch Saeed Ghanbari's flogging (see previous item), including several quite young children.

Falaka aka bastinado

Caning the soles of the feet, a nasty tradition in the Middle East, including (as here) Persia, date unknown.

Supplice des verges à un condamné (Caning of a convict)

A very similar scene to the above. The officials seem to be taking it in turn to administer the strokes. A remarkably large number of rods is being held in reserve.

The bastinado in Persia (1872)

Engraving from the Illustrated London News (22 June 1872) of another very similar scene.

Vertical flogging

Two twentysomethings show the marks on their backs after being sentenced to 80 lashes for alleged homosexual activities in 2007, according to an Iranian gay rights group. (Relatively speaking they were lucky: other gay people have been publicly hanged by the barbarous Iranian regime.) The technique of flogging lengthwise, rather than horizontally across the back, is odd.

IRELAND

Tableau in Cork jail

This model is on display in Cork jail. It is supposed to represent a flogging on the bare back. Any such event in real life would probably have been from the time when Ireland was still part of the UK, probably indeed in the 19th century.

JAPAN

Flogging penalty in the Edo period

This diagram was captioned "Convict flogged on back and buttocks in Edo Japan" and allegedly represents judicial CP in the Edo period (1603 to 1868). The offender is shown held spreadeagled face down on the ground.

KENYA

Extrajudicial punishment in Kenya

Associated Press picture from April 2008. A plain-clothes police officer beats a woman with a sjambok during protests in Nairobi.

KOREA

Ancient flogging punishment re-enacted at Seoul Folk Museum

This flogging bench is provided for the enlightenment (and use!) of visitors at the Folk Village Museum in Seoul. Compare with these pictures of the real thing about 100 years ago, which all appear to involve an implement more like a cane or switch than the big "paddle" shown here.

Flogging equipment at Seoul Folk Museum: not in use

Another picture of the bench, this time without anyone on it, giving a clearer view of the details of the contraption.

Korea flogging tableau

This tableau or model is a representation of a flogging on the same or similar equipment to the previous two items. This makes it clear that the punishment was applied to the bare buttocks.

Korea flogging animated gif

Another re-enactment, this time in period costume, as an animated gif.

Korea flogging paddle

From another museum, or possibly the same one, an example of the big paddle allegedly used in conjunction with the bench shown above -- although the photos from c.1900 (see below) show a different kind of implement in use, something more like a cane. I do not know what the smaller sticks were for -- they look rather like police truncheons.

More flogging paddles

Another museum display, showing a wider range of implements for judicial corporal punishment.

Tableau of punishments

From the same exhibition as the above, this miniature representation with models shows a paddling under way using the equipment previously illustrated, and also some offenders in the stocks.

Caning, possibly c.1900

If you think you have seen this picture before, it is because it is very similar to these pictures of judicial CP in Korea around 1900, but this is actually a different picture, new to me. I think this one is more clearly "the real thing" and not posed: the operator is slightly blurred, as though in motion, and the offender looks as if he could be squirming in pain.

Another caning possibly c.1900

This is a detail, giving a slightly clearer view, of the picture postcard which is the third picture down on the pictures of judicial CP in Korea around 1900 page.

Tableau: flogging of a Christian

This model is on display at a Roman Catholic church in Korea which has an exhibition showing how Christians were allegedly persecuted and tortured there in the 19th century. However, this particular incident looks like an ordinary Korean punishment flogging rather than "torture and martyrdom" as described in a plaque in English at the exhibition.

Depictions of bare-bottom floggings

These purport to be old paintings of judicial corporal punishment in progress. Note that the one in which the light cane is being used has the offender strapped to the bench previously seen, whereas the depiction of the big paddle in use shows him simply lying on the ground. In both cases his trousers have been pulled down, as seen in the real-life old photographs.

More flogging paintings

More very similar scenes from old Korea. One of these shows the flogging bench in use as shown in the museum photographs; in the others, the offender is simply lying flat on the ground.

Corpun file 22096

This seems to be a re-enactment, for what purpose is unclear, of an ancient traditional Korean "lying flat on the ground" flogging as seen in some of the paintings above (see previous two items).

Corpun file 21369

Yet another museum display. This version of the flogging bench is somewhat different from all the others, with the arms and legs splayed out diagonally. There is a little pad for the culprit's head, and straps for the legs and ankles.

MALAYSIA

Corpun file 21838

Pictures from Amnesty International article (Aug 2009) about the treatment of foreigners detained for immigration offences. Each appears to have received two strokes of the rotan.

Corpun file 22063

Similar to the above, in this AP picture (July 2009) "a detainee shows the marks from a caning received at a prison before he was transferred to the Lenggeng detention centre". Evidently he likewise received two strokes.

Corpun file 12134

I am virtually certain this is from Malaysia, though it appears on another website as being from Singapore and on yet another as from Thailand. The men are of Malay/Indonesian racial type -- with the Malay-Muslim penchant for moustaches much in evidence -- which would make it Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei or Indonesia. But there is no formal JCP of this kind in Indonesia, and in Singapore and Brunei the culprit is, as far as I am aware, always in a bending-over posture with feet together, whereas we know from other pictures that in Malaysia the recipient stands upright, feet apart, as here. Also, in Singapore, ethnic Malays are a 20% minority and the prison officials would surely include Chinese, who do not look like this. This certainly is not Thailand, because there has been no formal judicial or prison CP there for some decades, and from the caner's sneakers and tracksuit bottoms, one can see that this picture is no older than, say, 1980. Anyway, Thais do not mostly look quite like this.

    The other, more difficult, question is whether what we see here is "the real thing" in progress, or just yet another reconstruction for a film. Note the many similarities with this filmed reconstruction and this one. If this picture is also only a reconstruction, I wonder why anyone would bother to mask the face of the "culprit". On the other hand, the shadow cast by the cane on the back wall looks quite wrong unless the scene is being artificially lit at camera level for filming purposes. (That shadow bothers me in any case, and I would like a photographic expert's view on it.) Then again, perhaps special lighting was arranged just for this still picture, even while an actual punishment was being administered.

    Note also that the caning has not started yet -- the prisoner's buttocks remain unmarked at this point. This might indicate that we are seeing only a reconstruction. It would be more convincingly "the real thing" if the picture had been taken after some strokes had already been administered. But one could well imagine that the operatives, while prepared to pose for a photo before starting, might want the photographer and his equipment out of the way before getting down to the business in hand. On balance, I think this could well be the real thing.

     The other picture, of the pre-caning interview, looks very real, with a convincing muddle of bureaucratic paperwork on the desk, and the doctor -- with stethoscope -- looking authentically weary and bored. Meanwhile, the arrangements for fixing the prisoner to the frame are not quite the same as in the other pictures, and the one-piece buttock-framing torso shield had evidently not yet evolved when this was taken. But the caning technique itself, and the holding of the prisoner's head by another officer, appear identical, as do the rubber gloves worn by some of the operatives.

    There is also a third picture which looks as if it goes with these two, though we cannot be certain about that. If it does, any doubt as to the authenticity of the other two of course instantly vanishes. I have hesitated to upload this because it is so gruesome. It is of a man's raw, mangled buttocks receiving medical attention after a large number of strokes of the cane. After further reflection, I don't want to be accused of withholding the truth, assuming the photo is genuine. And in any event it has now appeared in several other places on the Web. WARNING: Squeamish readers should not look at this picture. It is quite disturbing. It may make you throw up. You have been warned!

See extremely gruesome picture of heavily caned buttocks

A reader questions the authenticity of the buttocks photo, citing the implausibly neat and tidy shape of the overall area of the bruising. One possible explanation for this could be that this picture does not, after all, belong with the other two, but is nevertheless a real Malaysian prison picture, and that this caning was done with the more modern one-piece buttock-framing torso shield illustrated here. At all events, other people that I have discussed the picture with lean towards the view that it is probably genuine.

    This nasty picture, assuming it is indeed authentic, certainly illustrates the inhumane brutality of canings of a large number of strokes -- at a guess, 24 in this case. But I feel one ought to stress that the majority of canings are of rather fewer strokes than that, and do not do this sort of damage to the recipient. See for example this picture printed in Asiaweek captioned "The effects of caning in Malaysia", showing weals and relatively superficial bleeding after perhaps three or four strokes. This seems to tally with Michael Fay's own description of the state of his behind at the end of his 4-stroke tanning in Singapore in 1994: "The skin did rip open, there was some blood ..... Let's not exaggerate, and let's not say a few drops or that the blood was gushing out. It was in between the two. It's like a bloody nose" ("Fay describes caning, seeing resulting scars", Los Angeles Times, 26 June 1994).

    See also the video clips of genuine Malaysian judicial or prison canings. Even the end of the 20-stroke caning shown in the second video clip, the recipient's buttocks do not look quite as battered as in this picture.

    Therefore, I think it would be an error to oppose JCP in Malaysia or Singapore on the strength of this photo. What I would question is what purpose is served by handing down sentences of 20 or 24 strokes rather than, say, a norm of four to six strokes, with a maximum of 8 or 10 for especially serious cases, which would not involve such egregious brutality and physical damage, but would probably work just as well as a punishment. Robert Symes and Aaron Cohen each received six strokes in Malaysia, and it's clear from their accounts that both found it a profoundly salutary experience, almost indescribably intense, traumatic and agonising, with lasting effects on their hearts and minds as well as their backsides. If that can be achieved with six strokes, why attract unnecessary opprobrium by inflicting 15 or 20 or 24?

Another judicial caning

Two views of a caning which appears to be the real thing.

Caning demonstration on a dummy

Picture from the website of the State of Johor Anti-Drug Agency of the Johor Ministry of Internal Security. The caption in Malay says "Demontrasi hukuman sebat bagi kesalahan pengedaran dan memiliki dadah" (Demonstration of caning punishment for the offences of trafficking in and possessing drugs).

    What is quite interesting is that, unlike the other dummy caning pictures we have seen, the audience here are not the general public but uniformed staff of some kind. Could this be a sort of preliminary training session for prison officers thinking of volunteering to become whipping operatives?

    Note also that this picture captures the cane's trajectory just at the moment of impact and shows that, although these canes when idle appear too stiff and rigid, they are actually flexible enough to bend in use.

A clearer view of the dummy and punishment canes

Clearly the same dummy as above, this time put on show in a shopping mall in Johore Baru, capital of Johor state, as shown on the website of one Seattle Steve, who was visiting JB as a tourist and found it all a bit much. The trestle shown looks a bit too flimsy to be a real one.

    Also on display were these punishment canes, the smallest one being for punishing white-collar crimes. Steve says he was told the smaller ones hurt just as much as the big one, which seems unlikely to me. Were that so, what would be the point of having a smaller one?

Yet another caning demonstration

From an exhibition at the jail in Johore Baru, with no dummy but a more convincing trestle than in the previous one. These pictures appeared on a photography website, which also relates a conversation with the prison officer giving the demonstration. The other picture, with more commentary, is on this page. Note that all the canes shown here, unlike the ones in the previous pictures, have been provided with a special grip at the handle end.

    For the real thing in action, see these video clips.

A closer view of the canes

From the same exhibition in Johore Baru prison (see above), a close-up of the rack of canes. "Rotan jenayah" means criminal cane. "Rotan kecil" means smaller cane (the one used for juveniles and white-collar offenders).

Caned buttocks

Also from the same Johore Baru exhibition, these pictures of men's backsides after caning, and the canes picture above, all come from a now-deleted blog about a visit to the prison in 2005.

More caned buttocks

A clearer and more recent (2008) "caning aftermath" photo from a similar exhibition. Not for the squeamish.

MYANMAR (Burma)

Corpun file 22061

This appeared on the website of a news magazine in Guangzhou (China) but is now thought to depict a scene in Burma. It seems to be a proper formal caning in the walled yard of some kind of institution. Note that two of the witnesses are in ankle chains. I think the men's shirts put the picture in relatively modern times.

NAMIBIA (formerly SOUTH-WEST AFRICA)

Strapping in German Africa, c.1910

From a ZDF (German public television) web page about colonialism comes this picture, probably taken in South-West Africa (now Namibia), which Germany held for a period up to World War I. Alternatively, it might be from German East Africa (now Tanzania), where, the ZDF website says, "whipping days" were held in Dar es Salaam on Tuesdays and Fridays. It appears that the implement being used is some sort of strap. At any rate it is clear that the prisoner's trousers have been lowered for the punishment to be delivered to his bare seat, which looks as though it may possibly be wealed from a previous whipping, though it's hard to be sure. Largely out of view to the right of the picture, another officer is holding the culprit down by his arms.

PAKISTAN

Corpun file 22091

From dailywqt.com (Sep 2008). "Members of Tehrik-e-Taliban (TIP) have 'arrested' a petty criminal, and are meting out punishment in public in Swat as an implementation of Sharia Laws." These people never seem to learn how to do CP properly. Here, the person wielding the cane is also one of those trying to hold the prisoner still, clearly an inefficient procedure.

Corpun file 22195

From the German magazine Spiegel (Feb 2009). Something similar to the above. "Pakistan Taliban in the Swat Valley punish a suspected kidnapper." At least it is clear in this instance that the culprit's buttocks are being targeted.

Corpun file 12069

Public caning in Pakistan

In colour for the first time, and a better-quality picture than we have had before, this is clearly an official judicial caning in Pakistan before a crowd at a stadium. I think it is probably Karachi - the A-frame is identical to that seen in this sequence of pictures. This would be during the regime of General Zia al Huq, around 1980. One difference with the other pictures is that the administering officer appears not to be taking a run-up. Note another prison officer in the background holding a bundle of canes. For yet more Pakistan JCP photos, see also this page.

Another open-air caning

This Associated Press picture is credited to "AP Photo/Naeem-ul-Haq" and the caption reads: "A 40-year-old drug dealer is publicly given 10 lashes at a playground on Sunday morning, July 23, 1995 in Karachi. Zameen Khan alias Sheenu was arrested in 1990 with 1.5 kg of heroin. He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and 10 lashes by the court. It was the first time since 1988 that an accused was publicly flogged." This makes it much more recent than the other Pakistan caning pictures we have, all of which are thought to date from around 1980.

    The offender has been made to bend over and hold on to an ordinary domestic chair, rather after the manner of a naughty schoolboy being dealt with in the headmaster's study, as also seen in the top and bottom pictures on this page. Perhaps this was what the authorities did when there was no A-frame conveniently to hand. At all events it has the consequence that the culprit assumes a bending posture, which many people regard as more "correct" for the receipt of corporal punishment than the standing-up-straight position adopted when the more "official" equipment is used. Note too that the chap has dropped his baggy pants, only to reveal a pair of denim cutoffs underneath -- which apparently he was allowed to keep on! It seems this was notionally a public flogging, but there is visibly nobody around to watch it.

And another one

Rather like the previous one, in that it is another "schoolboy-style" caning, in a rather public-looking place but with hardly any of the public present. (The spectator in white may be another culprit waiting his turn to bend over the chair; it is hard to be certain, but he looks as if he may be being held on a chain by the wrist.) This picture allegedly comes from Newsweek in 1987. I hope to check that out later and, if I do find it, to reproduce whatever text went with it.

Flogged on the ground

This Associated Press photo is captioned: "Nadeem Butt, a notorious local drug seller, is publicly beaten by police in Lahore Saturday, Jan. 10, 1998. During the Islamic holy fasting month of Ramadan, police are on special alert for vice crimes such as drug pushing and gambling." Which rather gives the impression that this is not a caning by order of a court, but an ad hoc, not to say ultra vires, informal punishment carried out on the spot at the police's whim. However, it can't have been as ad hoc as all that, (a) because a press photographer was present and (b) because the culprit is being held by a chain to his wrists, so some element of preparation has gone into the event.

    Had this been in one of the tribal areas that are beyond the reach of the central government, it would be less surprising -- see for instance this public whipping by so-called religious scholars in 1992 -- but that is obviously not the case in Lahore, and these uniformed chaps are clearly proper policemen or at least some kind of government officials. I slightly wonder if AP has been misinformed about, or has misunderstood, what the picture really shows. Could it be that what is going on here is simply the man being arrested and "subdued", and that any beating going on is incidental? The implement in the hand of the officer to the left looks more like a swagger-stick or riot baton than a punishment cane. And can anyone make out what the semi-kneeling officer to the right of the prisoner is doing, exactly?

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Germans flogged at Rabaul, 1914

Rabaul is the main town on the island of New Britain, part of what is now Papua New Guinea. The part of New Guinea taken by Britain in the 19th century passed to Australian control in 1906. Other bits of it, including Rabaul, had been in German hands since 1884. When the First World War broke out, Australian forces occupied the German areas, taking Rabaul on 13 September 1914. This photograph, captioned "Germans are flogged at Rabaul for beating a priest they thought was a spy", appeared without further explanation in an unidentified Australian reference work.

    Much more recently, three glass slides came up for sale on eBay showing what is obviously either the same event or a very similar one in exactly the same place. (They are possibly back to front, unless all three chaps doing the whacking happened to be left-handed, which seems slightly unlikely.) The seller could say only that the slides had come in a job lot from New Guinea. These three shots, shown here in a composite picture, are taken from closer up than the first picture and clearly show three different men being publicly flogged over a trunk by Australian army personnel.

    All is now explained in this November 1965 article in an Australian newspaper (for which I am indebted, as also for much other Australian historical material with which he has most kindly supplied me over the years, to the indefatigable Glen Ralph of the wonderfully eclectic Wilmar Library). The article is an interview with an eyewitness to the 1914 events, at the time a young serviceman and by 1965 an elderly retiree. He explains the whole background to the floggings and says that four German civilians were flogged altogether, each in turn held over a trunk and given 30, 25, 25 and 10 strokes of the cane, respectively. The ceremony took place in the main square in Rabaul on, he says, 30 November 1914. He also reveals how the pictures were taken surreptitiously in defiance of official instructions. It looks as if he might have been mistaken in thinking that his friend was the only person taking pictures, since the picture printed in the Australian reference book is taken from a different angle and from further away. But there cannot be much doubt that the events he describes are those shown in these pictures: we see the trunk that he mentions, the flagpole, the troops lined up around the square.

    The newspaper article also mentioned that a "postcard snap" of the event went on sale around the islands. Perhaps this was the first of these pictures, possibly taken officially; it shows the top brass, standing back from the ceremony, who are out of view in the three closer-up pictures. It seems reasonable to assume that the three glass slides that have now come to light are some of the pictures that were taken secretly.

RUSSIA

Corpun file 21928

A prisoner is whipped at an unknown location in Russia. UPDATE: I am now told this is a plet, not a knout, which apparently was abolished in 1845. The plet appears to have been somewhat akin to the cat-o'-nine-tails, but with only three tails. These are real photographs, said to date from 1890. The prisoner has been strapped to a bench and his trousers lowered so that the punishment can be administered to his bare seat.

    JCP in Russia was abolished in 1903, but prison flogging might have continued after that. All official CP was abolished in 1917.

Corpun file 22109

"Punishment birches being made up on a Russian training ship". I have no idea where this picture comes from -- presumably it must be pre-1917 -- or whether the caption is accurate. No information seems to be to hand currently about CP in the Russian Navy.

"Fifty lashes", 1887

This print by Francis Davis Millet (1846-1912) appeared in Harper's Magazine in 1887 and has "Cossacks" written under the caption. The implement seems to be a whip rather like a riding crop.

A female serf is birched

Here is a painting from a Korean history book, showing life in Russia around 1700. The caption says "Corporal punishment was common in the Russian Empire. Serfs who were given a choice of a fine or a whipping usually chose the whipping" (presumably they couldn't afford the fine). In fact rural serfs (landless peasants) were subject to CP until the end of the 19th century -- see this Sep 1903 news item. The implement being used here is clearly a birch, but I do not know how accurate this (presumably modern) artist's impression is.

Military flogging c.1700

Said to be from a booklet on the army of Peter I published in Moscow in 1994. I have no idea how authentic this is or whether it is just guesswork on the part of the artist. I have not previously seen a contraption quite like this pictured. Note that the cane is being applied to the buttocks as well as the back.

Cossack flogging

A rather small and murky picture from a Russian-language news page (2007). It has been used to illustrate a modern story about Cossack nationalists who, rather absurdly, have threatened to whip members of the Estonian government for being hostile to Estonia's Russian-speaking minority. The report points out that, were they to do so, it would of course be a criminal act whether in Russia or in the recently independent Estonia. But where the picture itself comes from is not stated, only that such flogging is claimed to be in accordance with ancient Cossack traditions.

A 17th-century drawing of a Russian flogging

The drawing is said to be of a flogging in Russia, but the text is in Swedish.

Flogging in Chechnya

Small picture used to illustrate a November 1999 article in the Moscow newspaper Rossiskaya Gazeta. At the time, the Russian government was in the process of regaining control over the breakaway Chechen republic, which had started imposing Islamic law, including public floggings. The article introduces an interview with a Russian official newly responsible for law and order, who described flogging as barbaric and implied that Islamic law was to be, or possibly already had been, swept away and normal Russian penal procedures restored. As far as I know, the Moscow regime has now indeed done away with this sort of thing.

    Compare this picture of a Chechen caning three years earlier in 1996. The new picture might of course date from the same time -- it has no caption in the 1999 article. The man administering the caning is evidently so lazy or clapped-out that he has to sit down to do it -- one would not think he would get enough of a purchase from that position. For anyone who can read Russian, the short introductory article is here and the interview (only a small part of which is about punishments) is here.

Another Chechnya caning

This came with the caption "Chechen man caned in Grozny, Sept 15, 1996". The source is unknown, but the picture looks genuine enough.

Bastinado in the Caucasus

This is an old postcard, allegedly captioned "Caucasus: Punition of a criminal". No fewer than four officials are wielding whips, presumably taking it in turns to apply the punishment to the soles of the convict's feet. Two others hold up the bar to which the offender's ankles are attached. There is no date. Although described as "Russia", it could well be present-day Armenia or Azerbaijan, which border Iran. Certainly this method of punishment is more usually associated with the Middle East than with Russia proper. Someone who knows the region could perhaps identify the location from the impressive viaduct in the background.

SINGAPORE

"Spare The Rod" mug on sale in Singapore

This mug was on sale on Singapore a few years ago, and makes a joke of the country's JCP policies. The over-the-knee drawing rather confuses the issue.

Caned backside

At last we have a couple of clear, reasonably-sized pictures of a freshly-caned prisoner in Singapore. One of them shows him still standing at the A-frame (note the padded bar). He looks to have received perhaps six or eight strokes, delivered with the usual remarkable precision. There are raw weals and limited, not profuse, bleeding, much as described by Michael Fay. I am reasonably confident that this is the real thing and not a mock-up. It came from a Singapore website (housed on a government server), made by students with official assistance, designed to deter youngsters from getting involved with gangsterism.

Corpun file 21921

A man who was once caned for drug-trafficking lowers his trousers far enough to show a scar on his right buttock. It is not stated how long ago the caning had taken place. From a general article about Singapore in National Geographic (Jan 2010).

SOUTH AFRICA

Flogging in the Boer War

An African being "flogged at the wheel", c.1900, from Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War, Johannesburg, 1993. It is not clear how official or unofficial this was in the context of the war, but the book claims that both sides, British and Afrikaner, punished Africans in this way.

SWEDEN

A Swedish soldier gets a caning

This caricature by Fritz von Dardel dates from c.1830 and shows a Swedish soldier receiving 25 strokes of the cane. From Rehnber, Vad skall vi göra med de blanka gevär, Stockholm, 1966. The modus operandi appears more or less identical to that of the Austrian army in the same century, see Frieze in Prague.

Two soldiers being punished

"Two soldiers being punished, one is receiving the other is waiting", cartoon by P. Borg, c.1820. From Lars Levander, Brottsling och bödel, Gidlunds 1975. This picture is rather silly, because the culprit is obviously supposed to be being caned on his bottom but the man with the cane is standing on the wrong side.

THAILAND

อ้างชุด ปราบ ยาเสพติด จับ ตี ก้น 4 ผู้ ต้อง หา

This picture (no larger size available) appears on a Thai-language web page which seems to be something to do with drugs in prisons or reformatory institutions. Caning is still used in some youth institutions, so maybe that is what this is. I hope there is a reader somewhere who can procure an English translation of the text.

Whipping rattan

These rattan whips in Samut Prakan Central Prison were used to beat prisoners, until abolished in 1896, according to the Thai Prison Life website.

UGANDA

Odo okayo dud lakwo

This appeared on 21 April 2004 in a Lira-based Atesot-language paper, Rupiny, with the following text:

odo: LC tye ka miyo odo tye ka kayo dud lakwo dek. LAKWO mo ma oywek atika i Kitgum taun ma dano ngeyo ki nying ni Kao odoo okayo dude malit pi kwalo dek i gang pa min Otoi i Oryang Ojuma icabit ma okato ni J. Moro coyo. Nyeri ikare ma kimake en bene oye ni en ki luwote mogo aye gikwalo dek pa min Otoi kacel ki gweni abic idye wor meno kun giburu dano ni gin gibedo adui LRA pa Kony. LC1 me East Ward Alfred Omara owaco ni rwom me kwo tye malo mada tutwale kwo me dyegi, opego, gweni ki jami odi matino tino calo cupuria. jerry can, kikopo ki cwan.

Galamira mangu nkuwe ebibyo

Further to the above, another local paper, Bukedde, has now (4 January 2005) published this similar picture. The text, in the Luganda language, says:

Eyo emu, ezo bbiri.... bwe batyo abavubi ku mwalo gw'e Misonzi mu muluka gw'e Lulamba mu ggombolola y'e Bufumbira mu disitulikiti y'e Kalangala bwe baatandise okubala embooko ow'ebyokwerinda Livingstone Muyinda ze yabadde aweweenyula Musoga oluvannyuma lw'okusingibwa omusango gw'okukuba munne. Kigambibwa nti Ssempappe ono yafunye obutakkaanya ne Asuman n'amulumba n'amukuba ebikonde ng'akuba eng'oma. Bavubi banne baalabye ayagala kumumiza mukka musu kwe kumukwata ne bamutwala ku LC. Ssentebe w'ekyalo yasitukiddemu n'ayita olukiiko lw'ekyalo mwe baamuweeredde ekibonerezo kya kukubwa kibooko 10 era yagenze okuva wansi ng'amakugunyu gababiridde.

Again, any translation would be welcome. Note once more the reference to "LC". We know that "kibooko" means cane, so perhaps "kukubwa kibooko 10 era" means 10 strokes of the cane. This time the picture leaves no doubt that the punishment is being applied across the seat of the offender's shorts, and on this occasion with some vigour. The cane is of a rather more effective length than the one in the earlier photo.

UNITED KINGDOM

NOTE: Many of the pictures that were previously here have now been incorporated into the Judicial corporal punishment in Britain article.

Flogging a Convict

A cigarette card, allegedly from 1902. Although published in the UK, the picture has an American look. In any event it is probably posed by actors and not "the real thing".

Preparing a prisoner for corporal punishment? Maybe not

From the dress of the officials, this looks to be from the 1930s. The picture came to me with a suggestion that it might be a prisoner undergoing a pre-flogging interview and medical check. I think that is a bit unlikely, because probably in that case there would be prison guards restraining him. My guess is it is an army or police recruitment intake process. Can anyone throw any further light on this?

Artist's impression of a British naval flogging

Unlike junior seamen, who were flogged on their bare posteriors as explained in this article, adult sailors usually received the cat-o'-nine-tails on the upper back, as imagined in this mid-19th-century artist's impression from Amy Handy, The Golden Age of Sail, Smithmark, 1996.

At the rope's end

A more informal, on-the-spot kind of flogging in the 19th-century Navy, from George Goldsmith Carter, Sailors, Sailors, Paul Hamlyn, London, 1966.

Flogging in the New Militia

This particular New Militia was the short-lived England/Wales one raised in 1852 to counter the perceived threat from Napoleon III's France. Posters such as this one, showing how brutally militiamen might be treated, were used as propaganda against the idea. The drawing is therefore not necessarily a faithful depiction of anything that actually happened. From Roy Palmer, The Rambling Soldier, Peacock Books, 1977.

UNITED STATES

Corpun file 22000

Drawing from Andersonville: A story of rebel military prisons (1879) illustrating punishment employed in c.1864 by Sergeant A.R. Hill, boss of a Civil War prisoner-of-war camp in Georgia which contained 45,000 men. "The instrument used was what is called in the South a 'shake' -- a split shingle, a yard or more long, and with one end whittled down to form a handle. The culprit was made to bend down until he could catch around his ankles with his hands. The part of the body thus brought into prominence was denuded of clothing and 'spanked' from one to twenty times."

Punishment of the Paddle, 1912

Drawing from The American Magazine purporting to show a paddling in a prison. We do not know whether this is closely based on reality or just the artist's imagination. I do not remember seeing a barrel used in this way before. It would seem more logical to have the recipient placed over the barrel sideways on, as used to be done in Jamaica for judicial CP (see "Stills from The Harder They Come").

Flogging at Charles Towne, c.1700

Artist's impression of a flogging at what is now called Charleston, South Carolina, on display at the Charles Towne Landing State Historic Site. Presumably the drawing is modern.

Klondike flogging

This picture in the Alaska State Library is captioned "Klondike Trail: Flogging a cache thief on the Lynn trail, 1896". A man is being flogged on his bare back while tied to a post.

Ohio police station paddling

Police chief James Martin was acquitted in Feb 2005 on assault charges after he ran a successful voluntary juvenile diversion program (a kind of informal probation) in Fowler Township, near Warren, which included supervising the teenage miscreants in a range of activities. One optional part of the program was for the young men, with their parents' approval, to be required to report to the police station regularly for a moderate paddling to keep them on the right path.

    These three stills come from one of the videos taken as a safeguard against any claims of abuse while the boys were being punished. In the first, we see a young offender asked to adopt the "grab your ankles" position ready for his spanking. The other two show the swats being delivered to the seat of the youth's pants.

    It seems that at least part of the film was shown on Newsnet5 TV (Cleveland) but unfortunately the video seems no longer to be on the station's website. Can anyone track it down?

    As well as being found innocent of assault, Chief Martin was cleared by the Court of Appeal on all the other, lesser counts against him (except for one minor bureaucratic technicality), thus vindicating his choice of corporal punishment as one means to help keep these youngsters out of the criminal system.

    Note that, although some news reports originally alleged that the boys had to drop their pants to be paddled on their bare behinds, these pictures show that, as Chief Martin stressed at his trial, that was not the case.

US prison flogging

Date, place and source unknown. I am not absolutely certain that this is genuine. It purports to show a prisoner being flogged with a strap while other inmates look on. The culprit has removed his top and is holding on to a tree.

A public whipping in Delaware

This is one of the most famous Delaware JCP pictures and has appeared in various books, including George Ryley Scott, Flogging -- Yes Or No?, Torchstream, London, 1953. It dates from the early 20th century. The pillar to which the offender is shackled looks very similar to the one captioned as "The whipping post, Kent County Jail at Dover" in this book review, which is also the page to go for more information about flogging in Delaware, which was not removed from the statute book until 1972, though the last whipping there was in 1952.

The Pillory and Whipping Post, New Castle, Delaware

A painting by Edward Lamson Henry (1896). This is clearly the same contraption as shown in the top picture in this book review.

Louisiana prison strap

From Life Magazine (November 1955). A guard at the new Louisiana State Penitentiary poses in silhouette with a prison strap, incorrectly described as a bull whip. The caption states that the implement was no longer being used, so one wonders quite why it is shown being brandished in this manner.

Thomas C. Murton Holding a Strap Outside his Home

The new superintendent of the Arkansas prison system in January 1968 abolished the use of the strap, which he here shows to the press. The Hollywood movie Brubaker (1980), starring Robert Redford, was loosely based on Murton and his reforms.

Lashing a Prisoner

Poor-quality photograph from a book, Avenues Leading to Crime by M.L. Cummings (Raleigh, NC, 1922). The location is not identified, but some other pictures in the book are from Florida. The set-up here is unusual in that the prisoner is kneeling on the ground and holding on to some kind of step or frame against the wall. More often, the method in US prisons seems to have been simply to make the recipient lie flat on the ground. Here, the prisoner appears to have taken his top off and is presumably being whipped on his upper back. The instrument looks to be some sort of whip or cat with a handle.

"Old Gray Mare", Colorado and the same from a different angle

Pictures taken at Colorado State Prison, Cañon City. The padded flogging trestle there was nicknamed "the old gray mare". According to the Cañon City Local History Center, the paddle was "of leather with metal brads" and was dipped in water before use, which may explain the bucket standing by the trestle. The first picture is said to date from about 1898-1900. The second picture turned up somewhere else with a date of c.1910, but that must be wrong as both pictures clearly include some of the same personnel in the same clothes. In fact, it seems virtually certain that both pictures were taken on the same occasion.

I think they were probably staged for the photographer, for two reasons. First, in the second picture the trestle has been turned through 90 degrees in relation to the tree, with the photographer apparently remaining in the same position, and the man with the strap has suddenly gone from being right-handed to left-handed. His watch-chain is on his right side in both pictures, so it's not just that one of the photos has been printed backwards. If a real flogging were under way, it seems unlikely that officers would start moving the furniture around in mid-infliction. Also, in the first picture the operator hasn't been left enough room to swing the paddle properly - the trestle is too near the wall.

    On the other hand, in the second picture the prisoner's trousers do look torn, possibly showing a glimpse of his bottom, though it might equally be an undergarment. (Did prisoners have underwear in 1900?) Could this mean that he actually had been strapped, even if not on this particular occasion, and the strapping had ripped the seat of his pants? It's such a neat little slot in the fabric, dead across the centre of his bottom, that it doesn't really look like ordinary wear and tear. Then again, most accounts of US prison CP have the paddle being inflicted on bare buttocks. Perhaps this prison was an exception or perhaps in 1900 it would not have been thought proper to illustrate that.

    As for the trestle itself, it looks in the second picture as if the prisoner's ankles may be fixed to it somehow. I would imagine his arms and/or wrists are secured on the other side to keep him in the bent-over position. Evidently the main purpose of the apparatus is to bring the offender's posterior up to the arm level of the man with the strap. Conceivably the standing platform is adjustable in height. At all events, this intriguing contraption was still in use 50 years later: see this July 1951 illustrated news item.

VIETNAM(formerly INDOCHINA or COCHINCHINA)

Theatrical sketch of magistrate supervising punishment, late nineteenth century

This picture comes from a web page about Vietnam called "Nine Centuries of Independence". It is credited to the Library of Congress, so one assumes it must at least have been thought at some point to be an authentic reconstruction. However, the same photo has now turned up in a French collection (Institut d'Asie Orientale) entitled "Bamboo beating in a drama" and described as a "theatrical sketch", which looks much more likely.

A thief sentenced to whipping

Unlike the previous item, this from French Indochina (as Vietnam was called then) looks like the real thing, captioned "Un voleur condamné au fouet" (a male thief sentenced to whipping). The culprit is being held flat on the ground at both ends and caned on his bare bottom. It is not clear what the other activities shown are supposed to be. The picture comes from this website consisting of many old crime 'n' punishment photos found in various French archives. They are said to date from the late 19th or early 20th century.

ZIMBABWE

Corpun file 13537

This from 2000 is said to show the results of an unofficial beating by ZANU-PF (ruling party) operatives of a member of the opposition MDC. Normally on such occasions the victim is beaten up in a random manner, typically by thumping and punching all over the body, which is not corporal punishment at all. Here, by contrast, a formal paddling or spanking has clearly been administered, confined to the buttocks, making the result look much more like proper CP.